Pradaxa Lawsuit News - 3/1/2012: Did you take Pradaxa? Please contact us today if you took Pradaxa and later experienced harmful side effects. We will connect you with a lawyer that is experienced in complex litigation that may be able to help you recover monetary damages.
Pradaxa Lawsuit: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10-15% of all strokes. Primary ICH occurs when small intracranial vessels are damaged by chronic hypertension (HTN) or cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and accounts for 78-88% of all ICH. The incidence of ICH worldwide ranges from 10 to 20 cases per 100 000 population and increases with age. Certain populations, in particular, the Japanese and those of Afro-Caribbean descent, have a heightened incidence of 50-55 per 100 000 that may reflect a higher prevalence of HTN and/or decreased access to healthcare. The incidence of hemorrhage increases exponentially with age and is higher in men than in women. Neurologic deficits from ICH reflect the location of the initial bleeding and associated edema. In addition, seizures, vomiting, headache, and diminished level of consciousness are common presenting symptoms. A depressed level of alertness on initial evaluation occurs infrequently in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) but is seen in approximately 50% of patients with ICH.
Pradaxa Lawsuit:Spontaneous, or non-traumatic, ICH has a much poorer outcome than AIS.1 There is a 62% mortality rate by 1 year, and only about 20% of survivors are living independently by 6 months. About half of the deaths due to ICH over the first 30 days will occur within the first 2 days, largely from cerebral herniation. Later, mortality is more commonly due to medical complications, such as aspiration pneumonia or venous thromboembolism. By far the most important modifiable risk factor for spontaneous ICH is HTN. Primary hypertensive hemorrhage results from the rupture of small penetrating arteries originating in the anterior, middle (i.e., articulateness), and posterior cerebral (i.e., thalamostriate) arteries and the pons (i.e., paramedian perforators) (1.3). HTN causes vessel rupture at or near the bifurcation of affected vessels, where degeneration of components of the arterial wall (media and smooth muscle) are identified. The annual risk of recurrent hemorrhage is 2% without antihypertensive treatment.
-Cerebral amyloid angiopathy. This multiloculated, lobar lesion seen on non-contrast head CT scan (A), started in the right frontoparietal region (left) and by the next day (right), developed extensive intraventricular involvement, subfalcine herniation with right-to-left shift, and a subarachnoid component. The hyperdense finding in the frontal horns is an intraventricular catheter (arrowhead). Macropathology: lobar hematoma, with adjacent edema (B). Note the midline mass effect on and compression of the adjacent lateral ventricle (arrows). Micropathology: amyloid angiopathy, demonstrated by deposits within the vessel wall of an acellular, eosinophilic material (hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain) (C, 40x; D, 100x; arrows). The amyloid material exhibits a fluorescent green birefringence under polarized light (thioflavin S stain, 100x) (E). Illicit drug use and coagulopathic disorder are associated with an increased risk of ICH. Over-the-counter stimulants, particularly if taken in excessive quantities, may predispose to ICH (case study 1). A large case-control study associated phenylpropanolamine use with ICH in young patients. Up to 70% of patients with primary ICH develop some measurable amount of lesion expansion over the initial few hours. Hematoma growth is an independent determinant of both mortality and functional outcome after ICH.
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Pradaxa Lawsuit: By far the most important modifiable risk factor for spontaneous ICH is HTN. Primary hypertensive hemorrhage results from the rupture of small penetrating arteries originating in the anterior, middle (i.e., lenticulostriate), and posterior cerebral (i.e., thalamostriate) arteries and the pons (i.e., paramedian perforators). HTN causes vessel rupture at or near the bifurcation of affected vessels, where degeneration of components of the arterial wall (media and smooth muscle) are identified. The annual risk of recurrent hemorrhage is 2% without antihypertensive treatment. A hematoma incites local edema and neuronal damage in the adjacent brain parenchyma. This edema typically increases in size over an interval as long as 3 weeks following the initial bleeding, with the greatest growth rate over the first 2 days. Thrombin within the hematoma plays a central role in promoting perihematomal edema. Hemoglobin and its products, heme and iron, are potent mitochondrial toxins, thereby increasing cell death.
– Hemorrhage may dissect from the brain parenchyma into the adjacent ventricular space, carrying a poor prognosis, Hemorrhage may also be isolated to the intraventricular space, and lesions can expand substantially by rupturing into the ventricular system. Ventricular involvement may cause obstructive hydrocephalus and can result in long-term cognitive impairment.
Pradaxa Lawsuit:Significant clinical deterioration associated with PH is known as ‘symptomatic hemorrhage, an important outcome measure in acute stroke treatment. One common definition for symptomatic hemorrhage is a clinical deterioration of >4 points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) associated with hemorrhage seen on CT scan. Various predictors for symptomatic hemorrhage include hyperglycemia, concurrent heparin use, the timing of successful recanalization, a history of diabetes and cardiac disease; leukoariosis, early signs of infarct on CT scans, and elevated pretreatment mean blood pressure. Neurosurgical evacuation typically is not a helpful treatment for symptomatic hemorrhage, because the lesion is frequently large and multifocal. Extra-ischemic hematomas are: located remotely from the initial ischemic stroke lesion; may be isolated or multifocal, with or without mass effect (1.17);23 and associated with concurrent coagulopathy and previously occult vasculopathies, such as CAA, microhemorrhages, or hypertensive vasculopathy. In the NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) trial of IV t-PA for AIS, the incidence of extra-ischemic cerebral hematomas was 1.3%.
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Pradaxa Lawsuit: Venous occlusive intracranial disease is associated with oral contraceptive use the immediate post-partum period, and a wide range of hypercoagulable medical conditions. Significant cerebral venous thrombosis involves one or more of the major venous sinuses and typically results in parenchymal hemorrhage. By definition, the territories of the ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions are in a venous, rather than arterial, distribution. Involvement of the deep venous system (case study 3) carries a much worse prognosis than if only the superficial sinuses and/or cortical veins (1.20) are involved. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is commonly used to identify major venous sinus occlusions.
A 36-year-old patient with a known history of HTN and reportedly excessive use of a weight-loss agent and stimulant, xenedrine, presented with an evolving large, left subcortical ICH. Despite aggressive neurocritical care, with ICP monitoring, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage and hypertonic saline, the patient died from cerebral herniation 7 days into the hospitalization. A CT scan (CS 1.1) on hospital day 5 showed the mass effect on the midbrain (CS 1.1 A) and, with associated edema, upon the lateral ventricle). The small hemorrhage between the frontal horns (arrowhead) was caused by the catheter tip of an external ventricular drain.
Pradaxa Lawsuit: Healthy 45-year-old woman with no significant past medical history, except for use of oral contraceptives, presented with lethargy and obtundation. Uncertainty of the diagnosis at another hospital led to an emergent transfer to a regional Stroke Center. A deep venous sinus thrombosis was suspected based upon the diffuse subcortical venous congestion seen on MRI on the FLAIR sequence, there is heightened signal intensity in the left, greater than right, basal ganglia and thalami; and on T1-weighted image with gadolinium contrast, the periventricular veins are dilated. The patient rapidly deteriorated despite treatment with IV heparin. Cerebral angiography was undertaken with the plan to directly reopen the deep venous system. A lateral view of the venous circulation showed normal drainage and wide patency of the superficial venous system and dural sinus; however, it also showed stagnation, with no opacification, of essentially the entire deep venous system, including the internal cerebral veins, the vein of Galen, and the straight sinus.
Pradaxa Lawsuit: Attempts were made over 3 hours to try to re-establish flow in the deep venous system. Local thrombolytic infusion with 12 mg of t-PA, delivered directly into the proximal straight sinus, with an approach from the right transverse sinus, partially established an irregular channel with limited antegrade flow across this sinus; the sinus is shown on subtracted (left) and unsubtracted (right) views). Markers of the microcatheter are noted in the middle and distal straight sinus (arrowheads). An additional attempt was made with a 4-mm balloon angioplasty and, to demonstrate relation to the skull base, that was also unsuccessful. This lesion resulted in a central herniation syndrome. The patient progressed to brain death within 2 days.
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THYROID-ACTING AGENTS 465 not inducing developmental defects in guinea pigs and rabbits, the chemical did affect the thyroid in these species, causing atrophic thyroids and pituitaries in the former (Peterson, 1953) and goiter in the latter (Isono, 1960). Triatricol induced cardiac muscle malformations in rats that were elucidated by electron microscopy (Hawkey et al., 1981). Of the antithyroid compounds, only the substituted thiouracil agents, but not thiouracil itself, were teratogenic in animals (see Table 14-1). Methyl thiouracil induced eye defects in rats (Langman and vanFaassen, 1955), clubfoot in mice (Miyamoto, 1967), and brain and cardiovascular anomalies In chinchillas (Klosovskii, 1963). Only thyroid effects were obsen’ed in rabbits (Toriumi, 1959) and guinea pigs (Hagemann, 1955). Propylthiouracil caused loss of hearing in mice (Deol, 1973); three other species exhibited thyroid lesions only. Metbimazole had no teratogenic activity in the rabbit, but postnatal behavioral alterations have been described in both mice (Rice et al., 1987) and rats (Comer and Norton, 1982) from low-dose prenatal administration.
The former species is, in fact, a suitable model for behavioral test validation with this drug (Rice et al., 1987). 2′-Thiourea, given as a 0.2% aqueous solution ad lib to rats on gastation days 1-14 induced a wide variety of severe malformations (Kern et al, 1980). Notably, no congenital defects were obsen’ed with either thiouracil itself or iothiouracil. Virtually all of the antithyroid agents have shown the capacity to induce fetal goiter in animals, as would be expected. Sheep grazing on certain range plants manifested congenital goiter in an
older report (Sinclair and Andrews, 1958), presumably by ingestion of goitrogenic substances of unknown composition.
Several reports have been published that associate human use of thyroid drugs during pregnancy with congenital malformation. With thyroxinc, eye defects were observed in an infant after treatment
of the mother during gestation (Mayer and Hemmcr, 1956). Medication with this drug was also considered to be a risk factor for limb defects among ]08 cases analyzed (Polednak and Janerich,
1985). Heinonen and colleagues (1977) reported a suggestive association with cardiovascular malformations among some 537 women medicated during pregnancy with thyroxine. No further associations
with malformation have occurred with this drug in recent years, and reports of some 75 pregnancies found no increased incidence of birth defects (Harris and Podolsky, 1969; Pekonen et al.,
1984). With thyroid (extract), multiple defects were obsen’ed in a child whose mother received only one treatment with the drug, but drug therapy also included several other drugs (Degenhardt, 1968).
According to another publication, a child with unspecified defects was bom to one of five mothers who were taking thyroid extract during pregnancy (Castellanos, 1967). Two more cases of malformation
were reported from treatment with desiccated thyroid: one infant had central nervous system birth defects and the other had Down syndrome (Man et al., 1958). Some 22 normal births were reported with exposure to thyroid in one publication (Harris and Podolsky, 1969). In addition to the biological effect on the thyroid (see later discussion), a number of case reports have associated antithyroid drugs with the production of serious structural congenital malformations. MaiernaJ hyperthyroid status may be one of the factors involved in ihe etiology of malformations; thyroxin-binding globulin values were significantly lower at the I5th-16th weeks of pregnancy among women giving birth to infants with birth defects 172 cases (Sparre, 1989).
The Process of Criminal Charges Filed in San Antonio
San Antonio Criminal Lawyers are here to defend you when you have been accused of a crime. Criminal charges or cases in San Antonio usually occur in stages. The time to contact a San Antonio Criminal Lawyer is the minute you become aware that you are the focus of a criminal investigation or a criminal charge. San Antonio Criminal Lawyers are in a better position to defend your rights when they are brought in early in the process.
In many San Antonio criminal cases the police are responding to a citizen’s complaint Sometimes, the police observe what they consider to be suspicious activity. Once the San Antonio police are called or see something they think is suspicious, the police investigate, take statements from witnesses, and prepare a report on their findings. All of these processes are subject to review by your own San Antonio Criminal Lawyer. At times, the police will arrest people during the course of their investigation. At other times, they will complete their report and submit it to the prosecutor’s office for evaluation and a prosecutor will decide whether charges should be filed against anyone.
While it is common to speak in terms of being “charged by the police,” this is not entirely accurate. The exact procedure for how charges are filed involves much more than an arrest by the police. To ensure that all of your rights are observed throughout the process you should contact a San Antonio Criminal Lawyer as soon as possible. It is the job of San Antonio Criminal Lawyers to protect your rights.
San Antonio Criminal Lawyers
are your best line of defense when you have been falsely accused of a crime.
Action – Process or proceeding taken in any court of law. In criminal court the prosecutor initiates the case and Criminal Lawyers defend.
Adversary system – U.S. trial system in which each of the opposing parties have the opportunity to state their points of vew before the court. In a criminal case in a criminal lawyers argue against the defendant’s guilt.
Affidavit – A written or printed declaration or statement under oath. More often used my lawyers defending civil cases than criminal lawyers.
Affirm – Assertion of an appellate court that the judgment of the lower court is correct and should stand. If a criminal lawyer has appealed a criminal case on behalf of a client and the higher court affirms the lower courts verdict then the criminal lawyer has not prevailed in the appeal.
Allegation – An assertion declaration or statement of a party to an action made in a pleading, stating what he expects to prove. Criminal Lawyers defend clients against criminal allegations or charges.
Alleged or allegation- Stated; recited; claimed; asserted; charged. In the US an accused party is presumed innocent until proven guilty , therefore the criminal act is alleged until such time as a defendant is found guilty. Criminal Lawyers defend their clients against criminal allegegations
Appeal Anyone who is found guilty of a crime may “appeal” his or her case, requesting that a higher court hear it. A criminal lawyer may file an appeak on behalf of his client. The appeals process may take a case from a local district court, to the Supreme Court of America.
Appearance The formal proceeding by which a defendant submits to the jurisdiction of the court. It is normal for a Criminal Lawyer to accompany a defendant at any appearance.
Arraignment – Procedure in which an accused person is brought before the court to answer charges. The accused may admit guilt or plea “not guilty.” If the accused pleas “not guilty,” a date for trial will be arranged. . It is common for a Criminal LAWYER to accompany a defendant at any appearance.
Bail – A criminal lawyer will argue before the court that his client should be granted bail. An accused person may post bail (or a relative, spouse, associate, or friend of an accused person) to secure his release from jail while awaiting trial. Bail money is held to guarantee that the accused party will appear before trial. Bail money is returned after the trial is complete, minus any applicable administrative fees.
Capital Punishment – Capital punishment, or “the death penalty,” may be used as a punishment for persons who have committed capital offenses such as first-degree murder and treason. In the United States the death penalty is employed by electrocution, lethal injection, gas poisoning, hanging, or firing squad. Capital cases SHOULD handled by experienced criminal lawyers.
Crime – If a person fails to act in accordance with the law, he or she has committed a crime. State and federal laws determine what constitutes a crime. Minor offenses are referred to as misdemeanors and major offenses are referred to as felonies. Criminal Lawyers defend clients against both misdemeanor and felony charges.
Criminal Law – Criminal law governs cases in which a crime has been committed. Criminal cases are brought to trial by the state or the federal government, and criminal offenses may be punished by fines and/or imprisonment. Crimes are specified as misdemeanors or felonies. Criminal Lawyers defend clients against both misdemeanor and felony charges.
Courts of limited jurisdiction – Includes district, municipal and police courts. Individuals often appear before these courts without a criminal lawyer to defend them depending on the severity of what they are accused of.
Driving Under the Influence (DWI and DUI) – Driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol is considered a criminal act in the United States. A person found guilty of driving under the influence may lose his or her license, be fined, and face imprisonment. Anyone accused of a DWI or DUI should seek the advice of a Criminal Lawyer even if it is a first offense.
Embezzlement – Generally a white-collar crime, embezzlement deals with the misappropriation of company or government funds or property by an employee or civil servant who had been entrusted with them. Some Criminal Lawyers specialize in defending clients accused of these crimes.
Extortion – A criminal offense, extortion occurs when one party blackmails another or takes property or money through threats or intimidation.
Federal Court – Federal courts try both civil and criminal cases. It is the duty of federal judges to ensure that the rights provided to citizens by the U.S. Constitution and federal laws are protected. US attorneys prosecute and Criminal Lawyers defend those accused of federal crimes.
Felony – A felony or “high crime” is a crime that may be punished by a year or more of imprisonment in a state or federal prison. Examples of felonies include murder, kidnapping, rape, and burglary. Anyone accused of a felony is well advised to seek the advice of a criminal lawyer.
Fraud – A defining aspect of fraud is breach of trust. Fraud is committed when one party deceives or misleads another, and through that deception acquires money or property, or abuses the victim’s rights. Fraud may go undetected for a period of time as the victim usually relies on the perpetrating party for information. Subcategories of fraud include securities fraud, tax fraud, Internet fraud, identity fraud, and health fraud.
Juvenile Delinquency – Criminal acts committed by persons under the age of 18 are referred to as acts of juvenile delinquency. Jurisdiction over most juvenile delinquency cases is held by the juvenile justice system, which aims to rehabilitate rather than punish offending youth. In many cases juveniles are represented by public defenders or criminal lawyers that volunteer their time.
Larceny – A form of theft, larceny occurs when one party intentionally takes money or property from another. Grand larceny (usually defined as a theft of property over $500) is considered a felony, while petty larceny (a theft of property worth less than $500) is considered a misdemeanor.
Misdemeanor – A crime punishable by less than a year of imprisonment in a county jail and/or a fine is considered a misdemeanor. Examples of misdemeanors include shoplifting, simple assault, disturbing the peace, and driving under the influence (provided no one is injured).
Model Penal Code – In an effort to bring greater uniformity to the state laws in practice across the United States, the Model Penal Code was created. The code proffers certain legal standards and reforms to the states, but is not law in itself.
Parens Patriae – The juvenile justice system of America was formed under the idea of “parens patriae,” or “state as parent.” The state is deemed to have a responsibility to care for youths who have begun dangerous or criminal life patterns. Within this parental role the state has a responsibility to do what it can to rehabilitate youth in its care.
Perjury – “Lying under oath,” or “perjury” is a criminal offense. A person is legally required to truthfully answer questions, or abstain from answering at all, if he or she has sworn before a court clerk, notary public, or other official to tell the truth. Perjury interferes with a juror, judge, or official’s ability to accurately understand the information being presented.
Reasonable Doubt – In order to convict a defendant of a criminal offense, a juror or judge must believe “beyond a reasonable doubt” that the defendant committed the crime. If a juror or judge finds the evidence against the defendant inconclusive, he or she has a responsibility to find the defendant “not guilty.” It is the job of criminal lawyers to establish reasonable doubt when possible.
Securities Fraud A stockbroker, financial advisor, corporation, or investor may commit securities fraud by:
Deliberately misrepresenting the worth of a company or the value of its stock.
Illegally trading within an investment account.
Failing to keep accurate books.
Making deals or trades based on inside information.
State Court – Within the U.S. judicial system, each state is given the right to try defendants for violations of state laws. The bulk of civil and criminal cases tried in the U.S. each year are heard in state courts.
Waiver and Transfer – An intake officer or prosecutor may, through a petition waiver, request that a juvenile delinquency case be heard in criminal court instead of juvenile court. If the petition is approved, the juvenile court will waive its jurisdiction and the case will be transferred to a criminal court. Reverse waivers, in contrast, transfer youth being tried in criminal court back to juvenile court.
White Collar Crime – Examples of white-collar crime include embezzlement, securities fraud
There are many ways to define criminal law, below you will find a concise definition as provided by WikiPedia. What constitutes a crime can very widely from one State to another and even from one county to another. The definition of criminal law below serves as a good general definition.
“The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential for unique and often severe impositions as punishment for failure to comply. Criminal punishment, depending on the offense and jurisdiction, may include execution, loss of liberty, government supervision (parole or probation), or fines. There are some archetypal crimes, like murder, but the acts that are forbidden are not wholly consistent between different criminal codes, and even within a particular code lines may be blurred as civil infractions may give rise also to criminal consequences. Criminal law typically is enforced by the government, unlike the civil law, which may be enforced by private parties.”
Other definitions of criminal law are widely available on the internet.
Criminal Lawyers in San Antonio handle criminal cases brought before the criminal courts. Criminal Lawyers in San Antonio represent clients on charges ranging from murder to DWI. Criminal Lawyers in San Antonio may be appointed to a clients case by the courts if the client can not afford an attorney. Criminal Lawyers In San Antonio who are hired and paid by the client are often called “private attorneys”. Many legal scholars note that the conviction rate among defendants represented by a court appointed lawyer are generally higher than those of defendants that have paid lawyers. Many Criminal Lawyers in San Antonio would probably agree with this observation. This does not mean that court appointed attorneys are less competent. Court appointed attorneys generally have very few resources to work with while the prosecution has the benefit of a near unlimited budget, law enforcement investigators and crime labs at their disposal. Although law enforcement and crime labs are not supposed to be biased towards the prosecution it is interesting to note that these entities almost always testify on behalf of the prosecution and never on behalf of the defendant. Criminal Lawyers in San Antonio charged with defending a client that can not afford a lawyer is at a huge disadvantage before the case even starts. These facts make it far more likely that someone defended by a court appointed Criminal Lawyer in San Antonio is far more likely be convicted than an individual that can afford a paid lawyer, private investigators and professional lab technicians to review the work of the supposedly unbiased law enforcement investigators and State ran crime labs. The quote “You can have all the justice you can afford” rings very true in our courts today.
